Section II: Chemical Control (22 articles)
Introduction | Rangeland Grasshopper Controls | Sprays versus Baits | Review of Chemical Sprays | Success with Reduced Spray Rates | Using Hopper to Adapt Treatments | Factors Affecting Application | Aerial Spray Calibration | Ground Hot Spot Treatment | Treating Localized Hot-Spots | Rangeland Baits | Bait Acceptance | What Grasshoppers Eat | Effects of Carbaryl-Bran Bait | Comparison of Bran Bait Applications | Economics of Bait Application | Extended Swath & Bran Bait | Modifications for Aerial Bran Bait Application | Bran Bait Ground Application | Alaska's Bait Program | Treatments for Protecting Cropland | Aircraft Guidance

Section Contents | Handbook Contents

II.14 Effect of Multiple Concentrations and Rates of Carbaryl-Bran Bait

Mark A. Quinn, R. Nelson Foster, and K. C. Reuter

Introduction
Multiple Concentrations and Rates of Bran Bait-A Case Study
Conclusions
References
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Introduction

Insecticidal baits are a viable alternative to conventional insecticidal sprays for controlling grasshoppers (Quinn et al. 1989). Baits are particularly effective when the grasshopper community is composed largely of bran acceptors, or those species that readily consume bran baits (see chapter II.12 on bait acceptance). Most of the recent studies involving bran baits have used concentrations in the range of 2-5 percent toxicant at rates near 1.5 lb/acre. The efficacy of higher concentrations and rates has not been studied extensively. As part of the Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Project, a study was conducted in northwestern South Dakota to determine the effects of multiple concentrations and rates of carbaryl bran bait on grasshoppers on mixed-grass rangeland.

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Multiple Concentrations and Rates of Bran Bait-A Case Study

Fifty-one 40-acre plots were treated with aerial applications of carbaryl bran bait in the following concentrations and rates: 2 percent carbaryl at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 lb/acre; 5 percent carbaryl at 0.5, 1, and 2 lb/acre; and 10 percent carbaryl at 0.5, 1, and 2 lb/acre. An additional nine plots were used as controls. The baits were applied with a Cessna Ag Truck operating at an altitude of 40-60 ft at 115 miles per hour (mi/hour) and equipped with a standard Transland 20244 spreader. Swath widths were 45 ft. Treatments were applied over a 17-day period from June 27 to July 13, 1987. Approximately 56 percent of grasshoppers were in the nymphal stage at the time of treatments (table II.14-1).

Densities of grasshoppers were estimated in the center of each plot by counting grasshoppers in 40 0.1-m² rings (Onsager and Henry 1977) placed approximately 16 ft apart in a 210-ft-diameter circle. Relative abundance of each grasshopper species and instar was determined by collecting grasshoppers near the circle of rings with a sweep net. Densities of individual species were estimated by multiplying their relative abundance by total grasshopper density. Grasshopper populations were monitored before treatment and 2, 4, and 7 days after treatments. Populations were monitored approximately daily from June 26 to July 20 in the control plots.

Changes in densities of total grasshoppers, bran-accepting species, and bran-rejecting species in the control plots were compared with changes in plots treated with the insecticidal baits to determine overall treatment effects. Major bran-accepting species included Melanoplus sanguinipes, other Melanoplus species, Ageneotettix deorum, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, and Aulocara elliotti. Bran-rejecting species included Aeropedellus clavatus, Amphitornus coloradus, Trachyrhachys kiowa, and Opeia obscura. Although O. obscura may be vulnerable to insecticidal baits (see the bait acceptance chapter in this section), we included it in the bran-rejector category because it was not affected by the insecticidal bait in our particular study.

Mean pretreatment densities of total grasshoppers ranged from 13.1 to 22 grasshoppers/yd² in the treatment plots. M. sanguinipes, A. deorum, and A. clavatus constituted 32, 15, and 14 percent of all grasshopper species, respectively, during the pretreatment period (table II.14-1). Bran acceptors constituted 72 percent of all species.

All insecticidal bait treatments, except the 2 percent carbaryl at 0.5 lb/acre, caused significant reductions in total grasshopper density compared with controls (table II.14-2). The greatest mean mortalities, ranging from 72 to 86 percent, occurred in plots treated with 2 percent carbaryl bran bait at 5 and 10 lb/acre, 5 percent carbaryl bran bait at 1 lb/acre, and 10 percent carbaryl at 2 lb/acre. The more standard treatments of 2 percent carbaryl at 1 and 2 lb/acre gave intermediate results, causing average mortalities of 52 and 64 percent, respectively. Applications of bran bait at 0.5 lb/acre were least effective, killing less than 50 percent of all grasshoppers.

All treatments caused significant mortality of bran-accepting species of grasshoppers compared with controls (table II.14-2). The greatest mortality occurred in plots treated with 2 percent carbaryl at 10 lb/acre (97 percent), 5 percent carbaryl at 2 lb/acre (90 percent), 2 percent carbaryl at 5 lb/acre (90 percent), and 5 percent carbaryl at 1 lb/acre (88 percent). The commonly used treatments of 2 percent carbaryl at 1 or 2 lb/acre caused 72 and 89 percent mortalities, respectively, of bran-accepting grasshopper species. Applications of 2 and 5 percent carbaryl at 0.5 lb/acre caused 45-54 percent reductions in the bran acceptors. Densities did not change in control plots.

In general, bran-rejecting species were not affected by the treatments (table II.14-2). However, the greatest reduction in bran rejectors (60 percent) occurred in plots treated with 2 percent carbaryl at 10 lb/acre. Because changes in densities in these plots were highly variable, it could not be determined if this reduction was caused by mortality or natural variation in grasshopper populations.

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Conclusions

The following conclusions can be drawn from the study. First, the quantity of carbaryl bran bait applied to rangeland affects grasshopper mortality. Baits applied at 0.5 lb/acre are relatively ineffective. The highest rates (5 and 10 lb/acre) were very effective in controlling grasshoppers. These results do not suggest, however, that more bait is always better (see chapter II.15 on multiple applications of bran bait). For example, 78 percent mortality was achieved in plots treated with 5 percent carbaryl at 1 lb/acre. Also, the small increase in mortality caused by higher rates may not be economically justifiable.

Second, the concentration of carbaryl seemed less important than the rate of application. For example, 2 and 10 percent carbaryl applied at a rate of 2 lb/acre caused similar grasshopper mortalities. Finally, high mortality of grasshoppers was achieved because the grasshopper community was composed mainly of the bran-accepting Melanoplus species. Insecticidal baits are less effective when there is a higher proportion of bran-rejecting species (Quinn et al. 1989, Jech et al. 1993).

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References Cited

Jech, L. E.; Foster, R. N.; Colletto, D.; Walgenbach, D. D.; Roland, T. J.; Rodriguez, G. D.; Bohls, R.; Houston, R. D.; Meeks, W. K.; Queener, R. L.; Jackson, C. L.; Dines, J. L.; Puclik, M. J.; Scott, A. K. 1993. Field evaluation of diflubenzuron and carbaryl bran baits against grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) populations in South Dakota. Journal of Economic Entomology 86: 557-565.

Onsager, J. A.; Henry, J. E. 1977. A method for estimating the density of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in experimental plots. Acrida 6: 231-237.

Quinn, M. A.; Kepner, R. L.; Walgenbach, D. D.; Bohls, R. A.; Pooler, P. D.; Foster, R. N.; Reuter, K. C.; Swain, J. L. 1989. Immediate and 2nd-year effects of insecticidal spray and bait treatments on populations of rangeland grasshoppers. Canadian Entomologist 121: 589-602.

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Table II.14-1-Relative abundance of grasshopper species and instars and number of plots occupied on the pretreatment sampling dates, June 26-July 7, 1987, Harding County, SD

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Table II.14-2-Pretreatment densities and reductions in grasshopper densities 7 days after treatments with different rates and concentrations of carbaryl bran bait, Harding County, SD

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