Section III. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
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Grasshopper control does not take place in a vacuum but in complex rangeland ecosystems. Researchers funded by the Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Project carefully studied the effects of various control regimes on aquatic organisms, small mammals, birds, and bees. (Photo by R. Miller, submitted through chapter author James R. Fisher and reproduced by permission.)

Table of Contents

III.1 Introduction - L. C. McEwen

III.2 Direct and Indirect Effects of Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Chemicals and Biologicals on Nontarget Animal Life - L. C. McEwen, C. M. Althouse, and B. E. Petersen

III.3 Impact of Control Programs on Nontarget Arthropods - Mark A. Quinn

III.4 Direct and Indirect Effects of Insecticides on Native Bees - D. G. Alston and V. J. Tepedino

III.5 The Reproductive Biology of Rare Rangeland Plants and Their Vulnerability to Insecticides - Vincent J. Tepedino

III.6 Grasshopper Treatment Effects on Aquatic Communities - D. W. Beyers and L. C. McEwen

III.7 Bioindicator Species for Evaluating Potential Effects of Pesticides on Threatened and Endangered Wildlife - L. C. McEwen, B. E. Petersen, and C. M. Althouse

III.8 Buffer Zones: Their Purpose and Significance in Grasshopper Control Programs - L. K. Winks, L. C. McEwen, R. N. Foster, Mike W. Sampson, Michael Green, and V. J. Tepedino

III.9 Environmental Monitoring of Grasshopper Control Programs - Michael T. Green

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