Grasshoppers: Their Biology, Identification and Management: HANDBOOK

Table of Contents

Foreword / Acknowledgments / Introduction
Section I. Biological Control
Section II. Chemical Control
Section III. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
Section IV. Modeling and Population Dynamics
Section V. Rangeland Management
Section VI. Decision Support Tools
Section VII. Future Directions
Appendixes
- Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers
- Grasshopper Species Fact Sheets

Introduction

Foreword - Richard L. Dunkle and Craig A. Reed
Acknowledgments - Gary L. Cunningham and Mike W. Sampson
Introduction - Gary L. Cunningham

Section I, Biological Control, provides an overview of grasshopper biological control agents and discusses their potential as management tools.

I.1 Biological Control: An Introduction - D. A. Streett
I.2 Nosema locustae - D. A. Streett
I.3 Laboratory Bioassays of Nosema locustae - Michael B. Hildreth, Chris W. Brey, Billy W. Fuller, and R. Nelson Foster
I.4 Utility of Nosema locustae in the Suppression of Rangeland Grasshoppers - James L. Vaughn, Wayne M. Brooks, John L. Capinera, Terry L. Couch, and Joe V. Maddox
I.5 Identification of Fungal Pathogens of Grasshoppers - Michael J. Bidochka and Donald W. Roberts
I.6 Grasshopper Pathogens and Integrated Pest Management - Donald L. Hostetter and Douglas A. Streett
I.7 Insect Predators and Parasites of Grasshopper Eggs - Richard J. Dysart
I.8 Natural Enemies Attacking Grasshopper Nymphs and Adults - D. L. Hostetter
I.9 Mites and Nematode Parasites of Grasshoppers - G. E. Belovsky, D. Branson, J. Chase, J. Barker, and G. Hammond
I.10 Birds and Wildlife as Grasshopper Predators - L. C. McEwen, B. E. Petersen, and C. M. Althouse
I.11 Enhancing Biological Control of Grasshoppers by Construction and Placement of Bird Nest Boxes - B. E. Petersen, L. C. McEwen, and C. M. Althouse
I.12 The Biological Control Potential of Parasites, Predators, and Fungal Pathogens - D. L. Hostetter and R. J. Dysart

Section II. Chemical Control, identifies available chemical insecticides, application methods, and rationale for selecting certain insecticides for grasshopper control. Since this chapter was written, new methods have been developed that reduce pesticide application rates, costs, and environmental concerns while retaining effectiveness (RAATs brochure).

Important Note: Since this chapter was written, new methods have been developed that reduce pesticide load in the environment while retaining cost effectiveness See New Research. Pesticide registrations change frequently. As of spring 2001, Acephate is no longer registered, while Dimilin is registered for grasshopper control on rangeland.

II.1 Introduction to Chemical Control - R. Nelson Foster
II.2 Evaluation of Rangeland Grasshopper Controls: A General Protocol for Efficacy Studies of Insecticides Applied From the Air - R. Nelson Foster and K. C. Reuter
II.3 Sprays versus Baits - R. Nelson Foster and Jerome A. Onsager
II.4 A Review of Chemical Sprays in Cooperative Rangeland Control Programs - R. Nelson Foster and Jerome Onsager
II.5 Success With Reduced Rates of Carbaryl, Malathion, and Acephate Sprays - K. Christian Reuter and R. Nelson Foster
II.6 Using Hopper To Adapt Treatments and Costs to Needs and Resources - John Larsen and R. Nelson Foster
II.7 Factors Affecting Application and Chemical Deposition - Robert Sanderson and Ellis Huddleston
II.8 Calibration of Aerially Applied Sprays - Billy Tanner and T. J. Roland
II.9 Ground Equipment for Hot-Spot Treatments With Chemical Sprays - Ellis Huddleston, Robert Sanderson, and James Ross
II.10 Treating Localized Hot-Spots of Rangeland Grasshoppers: A Preventative Strategy With Promise - Jeffrey A. Lockwood, Michael J. Brewer, and Scott P. Schell
II.11 Baits for Controlling Rangeland Grasshoppers: An Overview - R. Nelson Foster
II.12 Bait Acceptance by Different Grasshopper Species and Instars - Jerome A. Onsager, R. Nelson Foster, and Larry Jech
II.13 What, When, and Where Do Grasshoppers Eat? -Larry Jech
II.14 Effect of Multiple Concentrations and Rates of Carbaryl-Bran Bait - Mark A. Quinn, R. Nelson Foster, and K. C. Reuter
II.15 Comparison of Single and Multiple Applications of Bran Bait - Mark A. Quinn, R. Nelson Foster, and K. C. Reuter
II.16 Improving the Economics of Grasshopper Bait Application: Efficacy and Swath Comparison of an Experimental and Standard Aircraft Spreader - R. N. Foster, D. D. Walgenbach, J. A. Henderson, G. Rodriguez, L. E. Jech, D. Colletto, W. Meeks, C. Jackson, J. Patterson, K. C. Reuter, and Mike W. Sampson
II.17 Efficacy of an Extended Swath With Carbaryl-Bran Bait - K. Christian Reuter, R. Nelson Foster, and Wendal J. Cushing
II.18 Equipment Modification, Swath Width Determination, and Calibration for Aerial Application of Bran Bait With Single-Engine Fixed-Wing Aircraft - R. N. Foster and T. J. Roland
II.19 Ground Application of Bran Bait Insecticides - M. A. Boetel, B. W. Fuller, L. E. Jech, and R. N. Foster
II.20 Alaska's Cooperative Bait Program - Wayne Vandre and Don Quarberg
II.21 Bran Bait or Liquid Insecticide Treatments for Managing Grasshoppers on Croplands Adjacent to Rangeland or Conservation Reserve Program Acreages - B. W. Fuller, M. A. Catangui, M. A. Boetel, R. N. Foster, T. Wang, D. D. Walgenbach, and A. W. Walz
II.22 Aircraft Guidance for Grasshopper Control on Rangelands - Gil Rodriguez and T. J. Roland

Section III. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation, examines the effects of grasshopper treatments on non-target organisms and the environment and includes monitoring techniques.

III.1 Introduction - L. C. McEwen
III.2 Direct and Indirect Effects of Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Chemicals and Biologicals on Nontarget Animal Life - L. C. McEwen, C. M. Althouse, and B. E. Petersen
III.3 Impact of Control Programs on Nontarget Arthropods - Mark A. Quinn
III.4 Direct and Indirect Effects of Insecticides on Native Bees - D. G. Alston and V. J. Tepedino
III.5 The Reproductive Biology of Rare Rangeland Plants and Their Vulnerability to Insecticides - Vincent J. Tepedino
III.6 Grasshopper Treatment Effects on Aquatic Communities - D. W. Beyers and L. C. McEwen
III.7 Bioindicator Species for Evaluating Potential Effects of Pesticides on Threatened and Endangered Wildlife - L. C. McEwen, B. E. Petersen, and C. M. Althouse
III.8 Buffer Zones: Their Purpose and Significance in Grasshopper Control Programs - L. K. Winks, L. C. McEwen, R. N. Foster, Mike W. Sampson, Michael Green, and V. J. Tepedino
III.9 Environmental Monitoring of Grasshopper Control Programs - Michael T. Green

Section IV. Modeling and Population Dynamics, provides an overview of modeling of grasshopper populations and grasshopper population dynamics.

IV.1 What Modeling Is and How It Works - Jerome A. Onsager
IV.2 Grasshopper Egg Development: the Role of Temperature in Predicting Egg Hatch - J. R. Fisher, W. P. Kemp, F. B. Pierson, and J. R. Wight
IV.3 Grasshoppers and Vegetation Communities - Anthony Joern, William P. Kemp, Gary E. Belovsky, and Kevin O' Neill
IV.4 Host Plant Quality and Grasshopper Populations - Anthony Joern
IV.5 Environmental Factors That Affect Plant Quality - Anthony Joern
IV.6 Melanoplus sanguinipes Phenology North-South Across the Western United States - J. R. Fisher, W. P. Kemp, and J. S. Berry
IV.7 Nutritional Needs and Control of Feeding - Anthony Joern
IV.8 Recognizing and Managing Potential Outbreak Conditions - G. E. Belovsky, J. A. Lockwood, and K. Winks

Section V. Rangeland Management, explains how various range-management techniques can affect grasshopper populations and why grazing systems are a factor in grasshopper management. Also see New Research.

V.1 The Importance of Grazing Strategies to Grasshopper Management: An Introduction - Jerome A. Onsager
V.2 Historical Trends in Grasshopper Populations in Southern Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven
V.3 Associations Between Grasshoppers and Plant Communities on the Snake River Plains of Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven
V.4 Utilization of Nonnative Rangeland Plants by Grasshoppers on the Snake River Plains of Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven
V.5 Local Movement of Grasshoppers Between Public Rangeland and Irrigated Pastures in Southern Idaho - M. A. Brusven, Dennis J. Fielding, Leslie P. Kish, and Russell C. Biggam
V.6 Grazing Effects on Grasshopper Populations in Southern Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven
V.7 Beneficial Changes of Rangeland Through Proper Grazing - Llewellyn L. Manske
V.8 Herbage Production, Phenology, and Soil Moisture Dynamics for Plant Communities in Western North Dakota - Daniel W. Uresk and Ardell J. Bjugstad
V.9 Simulation of Near-Surface Soil Temperature on Rangelands - F. B. Pierson, J. R. Wight, G. N. Flerchinger, W. P. Kemp, and J. R. Fisher

Section VI. Decision Support Tools, provides “hands-on” management and grasshopper identification tools and decision support software. Economic threshold and survey sampling procedures also are discussed. Also see “CARMA Decision Support Software”

VI.1 The Importance of Making Correct Decisions - Jerome A. Onsager
VI.2 Hopper, Version 4.0, Users' Guide: Decision Support System for Rangeland Grasshopper Management - James S. Berry, William P. Kemp, and Jerome A. Onsager
VI.3 Applying Economics to Grasshopper Management - Melvin D. Skold and Robert M. Davis
VI.4 Regional Economic Thresholds in Grasshopper Management - Robert M. Davis and Melvin D. Skold
VI.5 Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers - R. Nelson Foster and Mike W. Sampson
VI.6 Relative Importance of Rangeland Grasshoppers in Western North America: A Numerical Ranking From the Literature - Richard J. Dysart
VI.7 Hopper Helper - Wendal Cushing
VI.8 Seasonal Occurrence of Common Western North Dakota Grasshoppers - W. J. Cushing, R. N. Foster, K. C. Reuter, and Dave Hirsch
VI.9 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Integrated Pest Management of Insects - W. P. Kemp, D. McNeal, and M. M. Cigliano
VI.10 Assessing Rangeland Grasshopper Populations - James S. Berry, Jerome A. Onsager, William P. Kemp, T. McNary, John Larsen, D. Legg, Jeffrey A. Lockwood, and R. Nelson Foster
VI.11 Major Grasshopper Species of the Western Rangeland States and Alaska - R. Nelson Foster

Section VII. Future Directions, Future Directions, presents an overview of key trends in and components of grasshopper IPM that need further study and development.

VII.1 Future Directions in Grasshopper Management - An Introduction - Jerome A. Onsager
VII.2 Dimilin^®Spray for Reducing Rangeland Grasshopper Populations - R. N. Foster and K. Christian Reuter
VII.3 Impact of Dimilin^® on Nontarget Arthropods and Its Efficacy Against Rangeland Grasshoppers - Michael A. Catangui, Billy W. Fuller, and Arnie W. Walz
VII.4 An Attempt at Classical Biological Control of Rangeland Grasshoppers With Entomophaga grylli, Pathotype 3 - Donald L. Hostetter
VII.5 Lab Studies and Field Trials With the Fungus Beauveria bassiana Against Grasshoppers - R. Nelson Foster, K. Christian Reuter, Jim Britton, and Cliff Bradley
VII.6 Beauveria bassiana for Mormon Crickets - D. A. Streett and S. A. Woods
VII.7 Effects of the Fungus Beauveria bassiana on Nontarget Arthropods - Mark A. Brinkman, Billy W. Fuller, and Michael B. Hildreth
VII.8 Grasshopper Viruses - D. A. Streett and S. A. Woods
VII.9 Use of an Australian Parasite of Grasshopper Eggs as a Biological Control Agent - Richard J. Dysart
VII.10 Ongoing Environmental Concerns - L. C. McEwen
VII.11 Implications of Ecosystem Management and Information-Processing Technologies - W. P. Kemp, D. McNeal, and M. M. Cigliano
VII.12 Rangeland Environmental Amenities and Grasshopper Management Programs - Melvin D. Skold and Andrew W. Kitts
VII.13 Grasshopper Communities and Methodology - Anthony Joern
VII.14 Grasshopper Population Regulation - G. E. Belovsky
VII.15 Grasshopper Habitat Manipulation - G. E. Belovsky, M. A. Brusven, D. J. Fielding, and L. Manske
VII.16 Grasshoppers-Plus and Minus: The Grasshopper Problem on a Regional Basis and a Look at Beneficial Effects of Grasshoppers - G. E. Belovsky, A. Joern, and J. Lockwood

Appendixes

Appendix 1: Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Project Cooperators and Authors Affiliations
Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers - Robert E. Pfadt
Grasshopper Species Fact Sheets (Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912) - Robert E. Pfadt